We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the present perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Rumus :
( + ) S + have/has + V3
( - ) S + have/has + Not + V3
( ? ) Have/has + S + V3
Example :
( + ) He has lived there for two years ago.
(Dia telah tinggal di sana selama dua tahun.)
( - ) They haven’t come here yet.
(Mereka belum datang kemari.)
( ? ) Have you eaten your brea?
(Apakah kamu sudah makan rotimu?)
2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the present perfect continuous to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all
durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous.
Rumus :
( + ) S + have/has + been + Ving
( - ) S + have/has + not + been + Ving
( ? ) Have/has + S been + Ving
Example :
( + ) I have been studying English for over nine years.
(Saya telah belajar bahasa inggris selama lebih dari
Sembilan tahun.)
( - ) They haven’t been swimming since January .
(Mereka belum berenang lagi sejak bulan January.)
( ? ) Has she been studying English for two year?
(Apakah dia teleh mempelajari bahsa Inggris selama dua
tahun?)
3. Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect expresses the idea that something
occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something
happened before a specific time in the past.
Rumus :
( + ) S + had + V3
( - ) S + had + not + V3
( ? ) Had + S + V3
Example :
( + ) I had gone when He arrived at my Home.
(Saya pergi ketika dia tiba di rumah saya.)
( - ) She hadn’t been at home.
(Dia tidak ada di rumah.)
( ? ) Had you studied English when your father come here?
(Apakah kamu telah belajar Bahasa Inggris ketika ayahmu ke
sini?)
With non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous
uses of mixed verbs, we use the past perfect to show that something started in
the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
·
We had had that car for ten years before
it broke down.
·
By the time Alex finished his studies,
he had been in London for over eight years.
·
They felt bad about selling the house
because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of past perfect is normally
limited to non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the
words "live," "work," "teach," and
"study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT
non-continuous verbs.
Unlike with the present
perfect, it is possible to use specific time
words or phrases with the past perfect. Although this is possible, it is
usually not necessary.
Example:
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the past perfect
continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two
weeks" are both durations which can be used with the past perfect
continuous. Notice that this is related to the present perfect continuous;
however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something
else in the past.
Rumus :
( + ) S + had + been + Ving
( - ) S + had + not + been + Ving
( ? ) Had + S + been + Ving
Example :
( + ) He had been living in here before he moved to
Semarang.
(Dia telah tinggal di sini, sebelum dia pindah ke Semarang.)
( - ) They had not been sleeping until I can me to meet him.
(Mereke belum sedang tidur hingga saya menemui mereka.)
( ? ) Had she been finishing her duty before her leader
inspected it?
(Apakah dia sudah menyelesaikan tugas-tugasnya sebelum
pimpinannya memeriksanya?)
5. Subject
– verb agreement
FORMULA:
|
Singular
Subject + Singular Verb (s/es/ies)
|
|
Plural
Subject + Plural Verb
|
Just as pronouns must agree with their antecedents
in person, case, and number, verbs also must agree with their subjects in
person and in number.
The first person subject is the person or persons
speaking in a sentence (I, we). The second person subject is the person or
persons addressed (you, you). The third person subject refers to the person or
thing spoken about and may be any noun or third-person (he, she, it, they).
Verbs agree with their subjects in number.
Therefore, a singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a
plural verb.
Example:
- The window is open.
- Many computers are innovated from day to day.
- Some companies need a manager who has multiple
skills.
- A child cries for ice-cream.
NOTE: Verbs have an
opposite rule if we compare to nouns. Nouns always change their form when they
are plural and keep the same form when they are singular. But for verbs, they
always change their form when they are singular and keep the same form when
they are plural.
Compare:
- A cat eats grilled fish. (cat is singular noun,
eats is singular verb)
- Too many people want to visit Angkor Wat. (people
is plural noun, want is plural verb)
WARNING: Mistakes in subject-verb agreement are
sometimes made in the following situations:
1) When words come between the subject and the verb
2) When a verb comes before the subject
3) With indefinite pronouns
4) With compound subjects
5) With who, which, and that
1) Words between the subject and the verb
Words that come between the subject and the verb do
not change subject-verb agreement.
Example:
One of the crooked politicians was jailed for a month.
2) Verb before the subject
A verb agrees with its subject even when the verb
comes before the subject.
Example:
Lumbering along the road were six heavy trucks.
3) Indefinite pronouns
The following words, know as indefinite pronouns, always
take singular verbs.
|
One Word
|
Body Word
|
Thing Word
|
|
one
anyone
everyone
someone
|
nobody
anybody
everybody
somebody
|
nothing
anything
everything
something
|
|
each
either
neither
|
Example:
Everyone keeps silent when the teacher arrives.
NOTE: Both always takes a plural verb.
Example:
- Neither of those last two books on the list is
required for the course.
- Both of these belts no longer fit.
- Each of these children needs to be inoculated
against polio.
4) Compound subjects
Subjects joined by and generally take a plural verb.
Example:
Ambition and good luck are the keys to his success.
NOTE: When subjects
are joined by either ..or/neither …or, not only …but also, the verb agrees with
the subject closer to the verb.
Example:
Neither the plumber not his helpers work on weekends.
5) Who, which, and that:
ç Who, which or that standing for a singular noun
takes a singular verb.
Example:
- A student who studies English at NIS is Mr.
Sokha’s son.
- A sharp pain that begins in the lower abdomen may
signal appendicitis.
ç Who, which or that standing for a plural noun
takes a plural verb.
Example:
- Animals which were arrested in the forest are in
the zoo now.
- The heavy trucks that thunder past my Honda make
me feel as though I’m being blown off the road.
Sumber: http://e-grammar.co.cc/Module%20Tenses%20Grammar.pdf
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