2nd Assignment Bahasa inggris Bisnis 2 ( Softskill)

1. Present Perfect Tense
We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the present perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Rumus :

( + ) S + have/has + V3

( - ) S + have/has + Not + V3

( ? ) Have/has + S + V3

Example :

( + ) He has lived there for two years ago.

(Dia telah tinggal di sana selama dua tahun.)

( - ) They haven’t come here yet.

(Mereka belum datang kemari.)

( ? ) Have you eaten your brea?

(Apakah kamu sudah makan rotimu?)

2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous.

Rumus :

( + ) S + have/has + been + Ving

( - ) S + have/has + not + been + Ving

( ? ) Have/has + S been + Ving

Example :

( + ) I have been studying English for over nine years.

(Saya telah belajar bahasa inggris selama lebih dari Sembilan tahun.)

( - ) They haven’t been swimming since January .

(Mereka belum berenang lagi sejak bulan January.)

( ? ) Has she been studying English for two year?

(Apakah dia teleh mempelajari bahsa Inggris selama dua tahun?)

3. Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Rumus :

( + ) S + had + V3

( - ) S + had + not + V3

( ? ) Had + S + V3

Example :

( + ) I had gone when He arrived at my Home.

(Saya pergi ketika dia tiba di rumah saya.)

( - ) She hadn’t been at home.

(Dia tidak ada di rumah.)

( ? ) Had you studied English when your father come here?

(Apakah kamu telah belajar Bahasa Inggris ketika ayahmu ke sini?)

With non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

·         We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

·         By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

·         They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

Although the above use of past perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.

Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the past perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

We use the past perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the past perfect continuous. Notice that this is related to the present perfect continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Rumus :

( + ) S + had + been + Ving

( - ) S + had + not + been + Ving

( ? ) Had + S + been + Ving

Example :

( + ) He had been living in here before he moved to Semarang.

(Dia telah tinggal di sini, sebelum dia pindah ke Semarang.)

( - ) They had not been sleeping until I can me to meet him.

(Mereke belum sedang tidur hingga saya menemui mereka.)

( ? ) Had she been finishing her duty before her leader inspected it?

(Apakah dia sudah menyelesaikan tugas-tugasnya sebelum pimpinannya memeriksanya?)

 

5. Subject – verb agreement

FORMULA:

Singular Subject + Singular Verb (s/es/ies)

Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Just as pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, case, and number, verbs also must agree with their subjects in person and in number.

The first person subject is the person or persons speaking in a sentence (I, we). The second person subject is the person or persons addressed (you, you). The third person subject refers to the person or thing spoken about and may be any noun or third-person (he, she, it, they).

Verbs agree with their subjects in number. Therefore, a singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Example:

- The window is open.

- Many computers are innovated from day to day.

- Some companies need a manager who has multiple skills.

- A child cries for ice-cream.

NOTE: Verbs have an opposite rule if we compare to nouns. Nouns always change their form when they are plural and keep the same form when they are singular. But for verbs, they always change their form when they are singular and keep the same form when they are plural.

Compare:

- A cat eats grilled fish. (cat is singular noun, eats is singular verb)

- Too many people want to visit Angkor Wat. (people is plural noun, want is plural verb)

WARNING: Mistakes in subject-verb agreement are sometimes made in the following situations:

1) When words come between the subject and the verb

2) When a verb comes before the subject

3) With indefinite pronouns

4) With compound subjects

5) With who, which, and that

1) Words between the subject and the verb

Words that come between the subject and the verb do not change subject-verb agreement.

Example: One of the crooked politicians was jailed for a month.

2) Verb before the subject

A verb agrees with its subject even when the verb comes before the subject.

Example: Lumbering along the road were six heavy trucks.

3) Indefinite pronouns

The following words, know as indefinite pronouns, always take singular verbs.

One Word	Body Word	Thing Word
one anyone everyone someone	nobody anybody everybody somebody	nothing anything everything something
each either neither

Example: Everyone keeps silent when the teacher arrives.

NOTE: Both always takes a plural verb.

Example:

- Neither of those last two books on the list is required for the course.

- Both of these belts no longer fit.

- Each of these children needs to be inoculated against polio.

4) Compound subjects

Subjects joined by and generally take a plural verb.

Example: Ambition and good luck are the keys to his success.

NOTE: When subjects are joined by either ..or/neither …or, not only …but also, the verb agrees with the subject closer to the verb.

Example: Neither the plumber not his helpers work on weekends.

5) Who, which, and that:

ç Who, which or that standing for a singular noun takes a singular verb.

Example:

- A student who studies English at NIS is Mr. Sokha’s son.

- A sharp pain that begins in the lower abdomen may signal appendicitis.

ç Who, which or that standing for a plural noun takes a plural verb.

Example:

- Animals which were arrested in the forest are in the zoo now.

- The heavy trucks that thunder past my Honda make me feel as though I’m being blown off the road.

  

Sumber: http://e-grammar.co.cc/Module%20Tenses%20Grammar.pdf

 

 

 

 

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